Biometrics Fingerprint Recognition Pdf Free
Basics of fingerprint recognition. • Fingerprint orientation field estimation. • Detection and rectification of distorted fingerprint. Reference: • A. Nandakumar, Introduction to Biometrics, Springer, 2011. Prabhakar, Handbook of Fingerprint. Recognition, Springer Verlag, 2009.
Note on CASIA-FingerprintV5 CASIA Fingerprint Image Database Version 5.0 (or CASIA-FingerprintV5) contains 20,000 fingerprint images of 500 subjects. The fingerprint images of CASIA-FingerprintV5 were captured using URU4000 fingerprint sensor in one session. The volunteers of CASIA-FingerprintV5 include graduate students, workers, waiters, etc. Each volunteer contributed 40 fingerprint images of his eight fingers (left and right thumb/second/third/fourth finger), i.e. 5 images per finger.
The volunteers were asked to rotate their fingers with various levels of pressure to generate significant intra-class variations. All fingerprint images are 8 bit gray-level BMP files and the image resolution is 328.356. The images of CASIA-FingerprintV5 are stored as: $root path$/ YYY/H/YYYHXKKK.bmp YYY: the unique identifier of the subject in the subset H: 'L' denotes left hand, 'R' denotes right hand X: '0' denotes thumb, '1' denotes second finger, '2' denotes third finger, '3' denotes fourth finger.
K: the index of fingerprint image in each class Fig. 1 Example fingerprint images in CASIA-FingerprintV5 The database is released for research and educational purposes. We hold no liability for any undesirable consequences of using the database. All rights of the CASIA database are reserved. Any person or organization is not permitted to distribute, publish, copy, or disseminate this database.
In all documents and papers that report experimental results based on this database, our efforts in constructing the database should be acknowledged as: “Portions of the research in this paper use the CASIA-FingerprintV5 collected by the Chinese Academy of Sciences' Institute of Automation (CASIA)” and a reference to “CASIA-FingerprintV5, ” should be included. A copy of all reports and papers that are for public or general release that use the CASIA-FingerprintV5 should be forwarded upon release or publication to: Professor Tieniu Tan Center for Biometrics and Security Research National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences P.O.Box 2728 Beijing 100190 China or send electronic copies to. Questions regarding this database can be addressed to Dr.
Zhenan Sun at Dr. Zhenan Sun Center for Biometrics and Security Research National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences P.O.Box 2728 Beijing 100190 China Tel: + 0278 Fax: + 1993 Email: znsun@nlpr.ia.ac.cn OR Download the separated subsets below.
. A fingerprint in its narrow sense is an impression left by the of a human. The recovery of fingerprints from a crime scene is an important method of. Fingerprints are easily deposited on suitable surfaces (such as glass or metal or polished stone) by the natural secretions of sweat from the that are present in epidermal ridges. These are sometimes referred to as 'Chanced Impressions'. In a wider use of the term, fingerprints are the traces of an impression from the friction ridges of any part of a human or other. A print from the sole of the can also leave an impression of friction ridges.
Deliberate impressions of fingerprints may be formed by ink or other substances transferred from the peaks of friction ridges on the skin to a relatively smooth surface such as a fingerprint card. Fingerprint records normally contain impressions from the pad on the last joint of fingers and thumbs, although fingerprint cards also typically record portions of lower joint areas of the fingers. Human fingerprints are detailed, nearly unique, difficult to alter, and durable over the life of an individual, making them suitable as long-term markers of human identity. They may be employed by police or other authorities to identify individuals who wish to conceal their identity, or to identify people who are incapacitated or deceased and thus unable to identify themselves, as in the aftermath of a natural disaster. Fingerprint analysis, in use since the early 20th century, has led to many crimes being solved.
This means that many criminals consider essential. In 2015, the identification of by use of a fingerprint test has been reported. Contents. Biology A friction ridge is a raised portion of the on the digits (fingers and ), the palm of the hand or the of the foot, consisting of one or more connected ridge units of friction ridge skin.
These are sometimes known as 'epidermal ridges' which are caused by the underlying interface between the of the dermis and the interpapillary (rete) pegs of the epidermis. These epidermal ridges serve to amplify triggered, for example, when fingertips brush across an uneven surface, better transmitting the signals to involved in fine texture perception. These ridges may also assist in gripping rough surfaces and may improve surface contact in wet conditions. Types Before computerization, manual filing systems were used in large fingerprint repositories.
Manual classification systems were based on the general ridge patterns of several or all fingers (such as the presence or absence of circular patterns). This allowed the filing and retrieval of paper records in large collections based on friction ridge patterns alone. The most popular systems used the pattern class of each finger to form a key (a number) to assist lookup in a filing system. Classification systems include the Roscher system, the system, and the. The Roscher system was developed in Germany and implemented in both Germany and Japan, the Vucetich system (developed by a Croatian-born Buenos Aires Police Officer) was developed in and implemented throughout South America, and the Henry system was developed in India and implemented in most English-speaking countries.
In the Henry system of classification, there are three basic fingerprint patterns: loop, whorl, and arch, which constitute 60–65%, 30–35%, and 5% of all fingerprints respectively. There are also more complex classification systems that break down patterns even further, into plain arches or tented arches, and into loops that may be radial or ulnar, depending on the side of the hand toward which the tail points. Ulnar loops start on the pinky-side of the finger, the side closer to the, the lower arm bone. Radial loops start on the thumb-side of the finger, the side closer to the. Whorls may also have sub-group classifications including plain whorls, accidental whorls, double loop whorls, peacock's eye, composite, and central pocket loop whorls. Other common fingerprint patterns include the tented arch, the plain arch, and the central pocket loop.
The system used by most experts, although complex, is similar to the Henry System of Classification. It consists of five fractions, in which R stands for right, L for left, i for index finger, m for middle finger, t for thumb, r for ring finger and p(pinky) for little finger. The fractions are as follows: Ri/Rt + Rr/Rm + Lt/Rp + Lm/Li + Lp/Lr.
The numbers assigned to each print are based on whether or not they are whorls. A whorl in the first fraction is given a 16, the second an 8, the third a 4, the fourth a 2, and 0 to the last fraction. Arches and loops are assigned values of 0. Lastly, the numbers in the numerator and denominator are added up, using the scheme: (Ri + Rr + Lt + Lm + Lp)/(Rt + Rm + Rp + Li + Lr) and a 1 is added to both top and bottom, to exclude any possibility of division by zero.
For example, if the right ring finger and the left index finger have whorls, the fractions would look like this: 0/0 + 8/0 + 0/0 + 0/2 + 0/0 + 1/1, and the calculation: (0 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1)/(0 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 1) = 9/3 = 3. Using this system reduces the number of prints that the print in question needs to be compared to. For example, the above set of prints would only need to be compared to other sets of fingerprints with a value of 3. The friction ridges on a finger Fingerprint identification, known as dactyloscopy, or hand print identification, is the process of comparing two instances of friction ridge skin impressions (see ), from human fingers or toes, or even the palm of the hand or sole of the foot, to determine whether these impressions could have come from the same individual. The flexibility of friction ridge skin means that no two finger or palm prints are ever exactly alike in every detail; even two impressions recorded immediately after each other from the same hand may be slightly different. Fingerprint identification, also referred to as individualization, involves an expert, or an operating under rules, determining whether two friction ridge impressions are likely to have originated from the same finger or palm (or toe or sole).
An image of a fingerprint created by the friction ridge structure An intentional recording of friction ridges is usually made with black printer's rolled across a contrasting white background, typically a white card. Friction ridges can also be recorded digitally, usually on a glass plate, using a technique called. A 'latent print' is the chance recording of friction ridges deposited on the surface of an object or a wall.
Latent prints are invisible to the naked eye, whereas 'patent prints' or 'plastic prints' are viewable with the unaided eye. Latent prints are often fragmentary and require the use of chemical methods, or alternative light sources in order to be made clear. Sometimes an ordinary bright flashlight will make a latent print visible. When friction ridges come into contact with a surface that will take a print, material that is on the friction ridges such as, oil, grease, ink or blood, will be transferred to the surface. Factors which affect the quality of friction ridge impressions are numerous. Pliability of the skin, deposition pressure, slippage, the material from which the surface is made, the roughness of the surface and the substance deposited are just some of the various factors which can cause a latent print to appear differently from any known recording of the same friction ridges. Indeed, the conditions surrounding every instance of friction ridge deposition are unique and never duplicated.
For these reasons, fingerprint examiners are required to undergo extensive training. The scientific study of fingerprints is called.
Types Exemplar. Exemplar prints on paper using ink Exemplar prints, or known prints, is the name given to fingerprints deliberately collected from a subject, whether for purposes of enrollment in a system or when under arrest for a suspected criminal offense. During criminal arrests, a set of exemplar prints will normally include one print taken from each finger that has been rolled from one edge of the nail to the other, plain (or slap) impressions of each of the four fingers of each hand, and plain impressions of each thumb.
Exemplar prints can be collected using or by using ink on paper cards. Barely visible latent prints on a knife Although the word latent means hidden or invisible, in modern usage for the term latent prints means any chance or accidental impression left by friction ridge skin on a surface, regardless of whether it is visible or invisible at the time of deposition. Electronic, chemical and physical processing techniques permit visualization of invisible latent print residues whether they are from natural sweat on the skin or from a contaminant such as motor oil, blood, ink, paint or some other form of dirt.
The different types of fingerprint patterns, such as arch, loop and whorl, will be described below. Latent prints may exhibit only a small portion of the surface of a finger and this may be smudged, distorted, overlapped by other prints from the same or from different individuals, or any or all of these in combination. For this reason, latent prints usually present an 'inevitable source of error in making comparisons', as they generally 'contain less clarity, less content, and less undistorted information than a fingerprint taken under controlled conditions, and much, much less detail compared to the actual patterns of ridges and grooves of a finger.' Patent Patent prints are chance friction ridge impressions which are obvious to the human eye and which have been caused by the transfer of foreign material from a finger onto a surface.
Some obvious examples would be impressions from flour and wet clay. Because they are already visible and have no need of enhancement they are generally photographed rather than being lifted in the way that latent prints are. An attempt to preserve the actual print is always made for later presentation in court, and there are many techniques used to do this.
Patent prints can be left on a surface by materials such as ink, dirt, or blood. Plastic A plastic print is a friction ridge impression left in a material that retains the shape of the ridge detail. Although very few criminals would be careless enough to leave their prints in a lump of wet clay, this would make a perfect plastic print.
Commonly encountered examples are melted candle wax, putty removed from the perimeter of window panes and thick grease deposits on car parts. Such prints are already visible and need no enhancement, but investigators must not overlook the potential that invisible latent prints deposited by accomplices may also be on such surfaces. After photographically recording such prints, attempts should be made to develop other non-plastic impressions deposited from sweat or other contaminants. Electronic recording There has been a newspaper report of a man selling stolen watches sending images of them on a, and those images included parts of his hands in enough detail for police to be able to identify fingerprint patterns. Recent studies found that the improving cameras with increasing resolution of smartphones might have a high impact on users’ security: The back-facing camera of a device can be used to capture an image of the user's index finger, which on smartphones using biometric means of authentication is often used to authenticate a user against the smartphone. At the 31st, hardware hacker starbug presented how with high resolution and equipped with a can be used to capture images of hands, or more specifically, fingers in order to use them for spoofing.
Main article: Friction ridge skin present on the soles of the feet and toes (plantar surfaces) is as unique in its ridge detail as are the fingers and palms (palmar surfaces). When recovered at crime scenes or on items of evidence, sole and toe impressions can be used in the same manner as finger and palm prints to effect identifications. The footprints of infants, along with the thumb or index finger prints of mothers, are still commonly recorded in hospitals to assist in verifying the identity of infants. It is not uncommon for military records of flight personnel to include bare foot inked impressions. Friction ridge skin protected inside flight boots tends to survive the trauma of a plane crash (and accompanying fire) better than fingers.
Capture and detection Live scan devices. 3D fingerprint Fingerprint image acquisition is considered to be the most critical step in an automated system, as it determines the final fingerprint image quality, which has a drastic effect on the overall system performance. There are different types of fingerprint readers on the market, but the basic idea behind each is to measure the physical difference between ridges and valleys. All the proposed methods can be grouped into two major families: solid-state fingerprint readers and optical fingerprint readers. The procedure for capturing a fingerprint using a sensor consists of rolling or touching with the finger onto a sensing area, which according to the physical principle in use (optical, ultrasonic, capacitive or thermal) captures the difference between valleys and ridges.
When a finger touches or rolls onto a surface, the elastic skin deforms. The quantity and direction of the pressure applied by the user, the skin conditions and the projection of an irregular 3D object (the finger) onto a 2D flat plane introduce distortions, noise and inconsistencies in the captured fingerprint image. These problems result in inconsistent and non-uniform irregularities in the image.
During each acquisition, therefore, the results of the imaging are different and uncontrollable. The representation of the same fingerprint changes every time the finger is placed on the sensor plate, increasing the complexity of any attempt to match fingerprints, impairing the system performance and consequently, limiting the widespread use of this technology. In order to overcome these problems, as of 2010, non-contact or touchless 3D fingerprint scanners have been developed.
Acquiring detailed 3D information, 3D fingerprint scanners take a digital approach to the analog process of pressing or rolling the finger. By modelling the distance between neighboring points, the fingerprint can be imaged at a resolution high enough to record all the necessary detail.
Scanning dead or unconscious people Placing the hand of a dead or unconscious person on a scanner to gain unauthorized access has become a common plot device. However, a episode revealed that this doesn't work (at least with the scanners available to the program). But and found a way to convert fingerprints lifted from the hand to a photographic form that the sensor would accept. For obvious reasons, they refuse to reveal the technique. Latent detection. Fingerprints dusting of a burglary scene In the 1930s criminal investigators in the first discovered the existence of latent fingerprints on the surfaces of fabrics, most notably on the insides of gloves discarded by perpetrators.
Since the late nineteenth century, fingerprint identification methods have been used by police agencies around the world to identify suspected criminals as well as the victims of crime. The basis of the traditional fingerprinting technique is simple. The skin on the palmar surface of the hands and feet forms ridges, so-called papillary ridges, in patterns that are unique to each individual and which do not change over time. Even identical twins (who share their ) do not have identical fingerprints. The best way to render latent fingerprints visible, so that they can be photographed, can be complex and may depend, for example, on the type of surfaces on which they have been left.
It is generally necessary to use a ‘developer’, usually a powder or chemical reagent, to produce a high degree of visual contrast between the ridge patterns and the surface on which a fingerprint has been deposited. Developing agents depend on the presence of organic materials or inorganic salts for their effectiveness, although the water deposited may also take a key role. Fingerprints are typically formed from the aqueous-based secretions of the eccrine glands of the fingers and palms with additional material from sebaceous glands primarily from the forehead. This latter contamination results from the common human behaviors of touching the face and hair.
The resulting latent fingerprints consist usually of a substantial proportion of water with small traces of amino acids and chlorides mixed with a fatty, sebaceous component which contains a number of fatty acids and triglycerides. Detection of a small proportion of reactive organic substances such as urea and amino acids is far from easy. Fingerprints at a crime scene may be detected by simple powders, or by chemicals applied in situ. More complex techniques, usually involving chemicals, can be applied in specialist laboratories to appropriate articles removed from a crime scene.
With advances in these more sophisticated techniques, some of the more advanced crime scene investigation services from around the world were, as of 2010, reporting that 50% or more of the fingerprints recovered from a crime scene had been identified as a result of laboratory-based techniques. A city fingerprint identification room. Laboratory techniques Although there are hundreds of reported techniques for fingerprint detection, many of these are only of academic interest and there are only around 20 really effective methods which are currently in use in the more advanced fingerprint laboratories around the world. Some of these techniques, such as, and, show great sensitivity and are used operationally.
Some fingerprint reagents are specific, for example ninhydrin or diazafluorenone reacting with amino acids. Others such as polymerisation, work apparently by water-based catalysis and polymer growth. Vacuum metal deposition using gold and zinc has been shown to be non-specific, but can detect fat layers as thin as one molecule. More mundane methods, such as the application of fine powders, work by adhesion to sebaceous deposits and possibly aqueous deposits in the case of fresh fingerprints.
The aqueous component of a fingerprint, whilst initially sometimes making up over 90% of the weight of the fingerprint, can evaporate quite quickly and may have mostly gone after 24 hours. Following work on the use of argon ion lasers for fingerprint detection, a wide range of fluorescence techniques have been introduced, primarily for the enhancement of chemically developed fingerprints; the inherent fluorescence of some latent fingerprints may also be detected. Fingerprints can for example be visualized in 3D and without chemicals by the use of infrared lasers.
A comprehensive manual of the operational methods of fingerprint enhancement was last published by the UK Home Office Scientific Development Branch in 2013 and is used widely around the world. A technique proposed in 2007 aims to identify an individual's, and dietary patterns.
Research The (IFRG) which meets biennially, consists of members of the leading fingerprint research groups from Europe, the US, Canada, Australia and Israel and leads the way in the development, assessment and implementation of new techniques for operational fingerprint detection. One problem for the early twenty-first century is the fact that the organic component of any deposited material is readily destroyed by heat, such as occurs when a gun is fired or a bomb is detonated, when the temperature may reach as high as 500 °C. Encouragingly, however, the non-volatile inorganic component of eccrine secretion has been shown to remain intact even when exposed to temperatures as high as 600 °C. A technique has been developed that enables fingerprints to be visualised on metallic and electrically conductive surfaces without the need to develop the prints first. This technique involves the use of an instrument called a scanning Kelvin probe (SKP), which measures the voltage, or electrical potential, at pre-set intervals over the surface of an object on which a fingerprint may have been deposited. These measurements can then be mapped to produce an image of the fingerprint. A higher resolution image can be obtained by increasing the number of points sampled, but at the expense of the time taken for the process.
A sampling frequency of 20 points per mm is high enough to visualise a fingerprint in sufficient detail for identification purposes and produces a voltage map in 2–3 hours. As of 2010, this technique had been shown to work effectively on a wide range of forensically important metal surfaces including iron, steel and aluminium. While initial experiments were performed on flat surfaces, the technique has been further developed to cope with irregular or curved surfaces, such as the warped cylindrical surface of fired cartridge cases. Research during 2010 at has found that physically removing a fingerprint from a metal surface, for example by rubbing with a tissue, does not necessarily result in the loss of all fingerprint information from that surface.
The reason for this is that the differences in potential that are the basis of the visualisation are caused by the interaction of inorganic salts in the fingerprint deposit and the metal surface and begin to occur as soon as the finger comes into contact with the metal, resulting in the formation of metal-ion complexes that cannot easily be removed. Scanning Kelvin probe scan of the same cartridge case with the fingerprint detected. The Kelvin probe can easily cope with the 3D curvature of the cartridge case, increasing the versatility of the technique.
Another problem for the early twenty-first century is that during crime scene investigations, a decision has to be made at an early stage whether to attempt to retrieve fingerprints through the use of developers or whether to swab surfaces in an attempt to salvage material for. The two processes are mutually incompatible, as fingerprint developers destroy material that could potentially be used for DNA analysis, and swabbing is likely to make fingerprint identification impossible. The application of the new scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) fingerprinting technique, which makes no physical contact with the fingerprint and does not require the use of developers, has the potential to allow fingerprints to be recorded whilst still leaving intact material that could subsequently be subjected to DNA analysis. A forensically usable prototype was under development at Swansea University during 2010, in research that was generating significant interest from the British and a number of different police forces across the UK, as well as internationally. The hope is that this instrument could eventually be manufactured in sufficiently large numbers to be widely used by forensic teams worldwide. Disappearance of children's latent prints In 1995, researchers at the, at the instigation of Detective Art Bohanan of the Knoxville Police Department, discovered that children's fingerprints are considerably more short-lived than adult fingerprints. The rapid disappearance of children's fingerprints was attributed to a lack of the more waxy oils that become present at the onset of puberty.
The lighter fatty acids of children's fingerprints evaporate within a few hours. As of 2010, researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory are investigating techniques to capture these lost fingerprints. Detection of drug use The secretions, skin oils and dead cells in a human fingerprint contain residues of various chemicals and their present in the body. These can be detected and used for forensic purposes. For example, the fingerprints of contain traces of, a metabolite; they also contain traces of nicotine itself. Caution should be used, as its presence may be caused by mere contact of the finger with a tobacco product. By treating the fingerprint with gold with attached, and then subsequently with a fluorescent agent attached to cotinine antibodies, the fingerprint of a smoker becomes fluorescent; non-smokers' fingerprints stay dark.
The same approach, as of 2010, is being tested for use in identifying heavy drinkers, and users of various other drugs. In 2008, British researchers developed methods of identifying users of marijuana, cocaine and methadone from their fingerprint residues. United States databases and compression In the United States, the manages a fingerprint identification system and database called the (IAFIS), which currently holds the fingerprints and criminal records of over 51 million criminal record subjects and over 1.5 million civil (non-criminal) fingerprint records.
Currently holds a repository of the fingerprints of over 50 million people, primarily in the form of two-finger records. In 2008, US Visit hoped to have changed over to a system recording FBI-standard ten-print records. Most American law enforcement agencies use (WSQ), a -based system for efficient storage of compressed fingerprint images at 500 (ppi).
WSQ was developed by the FBI, the Los Alamos National Lab, and the (NIST). For fingerprints recorded at 1000 ppi, law enforcement (including the FBI) uses instead of WSQ. A city fingerprint identification office Validity The validity of forensic fingerprint evidence has been challenged by academics, judges and the media. While fingerprint identification was an improvement on earlier systems, the subjective nature of matching, despite a very low error rate, has made this forensic practice controversial. Certain specific criticisms are now being accepted by some leaders of the forensic fingerprint community, providing an incentive to improve training and procedures.
Criticism The words ' and ' have specific meanings to the scientific community. Reliability means that successive tests bring the same results.
Validity means that these results are judged to accurately reflect the external criteria being measured. Although experts are often more comfortable relying on their instincts, this reliance does not always translate into superior predictive ability. For example, in the popular Analysis, Comparison, Evaluation, and Verification (ACE-V) paradigm for fingerprint identification, the verification stage, in which a second examiner confirms the assessment of the original examiner, may increase the consistency of the assessments. But while the verification stage has implications for the reliability of latent print comparisons, it does not assure their validity.
— Sandy L Zabell, The few tests that have been made of the validity of forensic fingerprinting have not been supportive of the method. 'Despite the absence of objective standards, scientific validation, and adequate statistical studies, a natural question to ask is how well fingerprint examiners actually perform.
Proficiency tests do not validate a procedure per se, but they can provide some insight into error rates. In 1995, the Collaborative Testing Service (CTS) administered a proficiency test that, for the first time, was 'designed, assembled, and reviewed' by the (IAI). The results were disappointing. Four suspect cards with prints of all ten fingers were provided together with seven latents. Of 156 people taking the test, only 68 (44%) correctly classified all seven latents.
Overall, the tests contained a total of 48 incorrect identifications. David Grieve, the editor of the Journal of Forensic Identification, describes the reaction of the forensic community to the results of the CTS test as ranging from 'shock to disbelief', and added: 'Errors of this magnitude within a discipline singularly admired and respected for its touted absolute certainty as an identification process have produced chilling and mind-numbing realities. Thirty-four participants, an incredible 22% of those involved, substituted presumed but false certainty for truth. By any measure, this represents a profile of practice that is unacceptable and thus demands positive action by the entire community.' What is striking about these comments is that they do not come from a critic of the fingerprint community, but from the editor of one of its premier publications.'
Fingerprints used instead of signatures on an Indian legal document of 1952. Or Purkinje (1787–1869), a Czech physiologist and professor of anatomy at the, published a thesis in 1823 discussing 9 fingerprint patterns, but he did not mention any possibility of using fingerprints to identify people. In 1840, following the murder of, a provincial doctor, Robert Blake Overton, wrote to suggesting checking for fingerprints but the suggestion, though followed up, did not lead to their routine use by the police for another 50 years. Some years later, the German anatomist (1829–1905) studied friction ridges, and five years after this, in 1858, initiated fingerprinting in India. In 1877 at Hooghly (near ) he instituted the use of fingerprints on contracts and deeds to prevent the then-rampant repudiation of signatures and he registered government pensioners' fingerprints to prevent the collection of money by relatives after a pensioner's death. Herschel also fingerprinted prisoners upon sentencing to prevent various frauds that were attempted in order to avoid serving a prison sentence.
In 1863, Paul-Jean Coulier (1824–1890), professor for chemistry and hygiene at the medical and pharmaceutical school of the military hospital in Paris, discovered that fumes can reveal fingerprints on paper. In 1880, Dr., a Scottish surgeon in a Tokyo hospital, published his first paper on the subject in the scientific journal, discussing the usefulness of fingerprints for identification and proposing a method to record them with printing ink.
He also established their first classification and was also the first to identify fingerprints left on a vial. Returning to the UK in 1886, he offered the concept to the in London but it was dismissed at that time. Faulds wrote to with a description of his method but, too old and ill to work on it, Darwin gave the information to his cousin, who was interested in anthropology. Having been thus inspired to study fingerprints for ten years, Galton published a detailed statistical model of fingerprint analysis and identification and encouraged its use in forensic science in his book Finger Prints.
He had calculated that the chance of a 'false positive' (two different individuals having the same fingerprints) was about 1 in 64 billion., an Argentine chief police officer, created the first method of recording the fingerprints of individuals on file, associating these fingerprints to the anthropometric system of, who had created, in 1879, a system to identify individuals by anthropometric photographs and associated quantitative descriptions. In 1892, after studying Galton's pattern types, Vucetich set up the world's first fingerprint bureau. In that same year, of, was found in a house with neck injuries, whilst her two sons were found dead with their throats cut. Rojas accused a neighbour, but despite brutal interrogation, this neighbour would not confess to the crimes. Inspector Alvarez, a colleague of Vucetich, went to the scene and found a bloody thumb mark on a door. When it was compared with Rojas' prints, it was found to be identical with her right thumb.
She then confessed to the murder of her sons. Women clerical employees of the being fingerprinted and photographed in 1928. A Fingerprint Bureau was established in Calcutta , India, in 1897, after the Council of the Governor General approved a committee report that fingerprints should be used for the classification of criminal records. Working in the Calcutta Anthropometric Bureau, before it became the first Fingerprint Bureau in the world, were and.
Haque and Bose were Indian fingerprint experts who have been credited with the primary development of a fingerprint classification system eventually named after their supervisor,. The, co-devised by Haque and Bose, was accepted in England and Wales when the first United Kingdom Fingerprint Bureau was founded in, the headquarters, London, in 1901. Sir Edward Richard Henry subsequently achieved improvements in dactyloscopy.
In the United States, Dr. Used fingerprinting in the in 1902, and by 1906, Deputy Commissioner Joseph A. Faurot, an expert in the Bertillon system and a finger print advocate at Police Headquarters, introduced the fingerprinting of criminals to the United States. The Scheffer case of 1902 is the first case of the identification, arrest and conviction of a murderer based upon fingerprint evidence. Identified the thief and murderer Scheffer, who had previously been arrested and his fingerprints filed some months before, from the fingerprints found on a fractured glass showcase, after a theft in a dentist's apartment where the dentist's employee was found dead. It was able to be proved in court that the fingerprints had been made after the showcase was broken. A year later, created a method of getting fingerprints off smooth surfaces and took a further step in the advance of dactyloscopy.
Many criminals wear to avoid leaving fingerprints. However, the gloves themselves can leave prints that are as unique as human fingerprints. After collecting, law enforcement can match them to gloves that they have collected as evidence or to prints collected at other crime scenes. In many the act of wearing gloves itself while committing a crime can be prosecuted as an. As many offenses are crimes of opportunity, assailants do not always possess gloves when they commit their illegal activities. Thus, assailants have been observed using pulled-down sleeves, pieces of clothing, and other fabrics to handle objects and touch surfaces while committing crimes.
Privacy Fingerprinting of children. Short ridge (dot). Defeats In 2002 a Japanese cryptographer demonstrated how fingerprint recognition devices can be fooled 4 out of 5 times using a combination of low cunning, cheap kitchen supplies and a digital camera. Latent fingerprints from a glass were enhanced with super-glue fumes in the form of adhesive and photographed. An was then used to improve the contrast and the result printed onto a. The sheet was used to expose a and etched.
The copper imprint were then used for a plastic finger mold. A found in was molded into a fake finger. Eleven commercially available fingerprint biometric systems took the fake finger as the real thing. Noted cryptographer said 'The results are enough to scrap the systems completely, and to send the various fingerprint biometric companies packing.'
Fingerprint recognition in electronic devices Two of the first smartphone manufacturers to integrate fingerprint recognition into their phones were Motorola with the in 2011, and Apple with the on 10 September 2013. One month after, HTC launched the, which also included fingerprint recognition. In April 2014, Samsung released the, which integrated a fingerprint sensor on the home button. Since December 2015, cheaper smartphones with fingerprint recognition have been released, such as the $100 UMI Fair.
Also recently introduced fingerprint sensors to its mid-range A-series smartphones. On 25 September 2015 with, two years after introduction of its first fingerprint scanner in the iPhone 5S, Apple introduced a new generation fingerprint scanner claiming faster response times. In August 2016, claimed 0,22s response time in its model., and are using fingerprint reader in their laptops. Says the SecurePad sensor is now available for to start building into their laptops. Fingerprint sensors A fingerprint is an used to capture a of the fingerprint pattern.
The captured image is called a live scan. This live scan is to create a biometric template (a collection of ) which is stored and used for matching. Many have been used including optical, thermal,. This is an overview of some of the more commonly used fingerprint sensor technologies. Optical Optical fingerprint imaging involves capturing a digital image of the print using.
This type of sensor is, in essence, a specialized type of. The top layer of the sensor, where the finger is placed, is known as the touch surface. Beneath this layer is a light-emitting phosphor layer which illuminates the surface of the finger. The light reflected from the finger passes through the phosphor layer to an array of pixels (a ) which captures a visual image of the fingerprint. A scratched or dirty touch surface can cause a bad image of the fingerprint. A disadvantage of this type of sensor is the fact that the imaging capabilities are affected by the quality of skin on the finger.
For instance, a dirty or marked finger is difficult to image properly. Also, it is possible for an individual to erode the outer layer of skin on the fingertips to the point where the fingerprint is no longer visible. It can also be easily fooled by an image of a fingerprint if not coupled with a 'live finger' detector. However, unlike capacitive sensors, this sensor technology is not susceptible to electrostatic discharge damage. Fingerprints can be read from a distance. Ultrasonic Ultrasonic sensors make use of the principles of in order to create visual images of the fingerprint.
Unlike optical imaging, ultrasonic sensors use very high frequency sound waves to penetrate the epidermal layer of skin. The sound waves are generated using and reflected energy is also measured using piezoelectric materials.
Since the dermal skin layer exhibits the same characteristic pattern of the fingerprint, the reflected wave measurements can be used to form an image of the fingerprint. This eliminates the need for clean, undamaged epidermal skin and a clean sensing surface. LeEco became the first company to introduce this in Smartphone. Capacitance Capacitance sensors use principles associated with in order to form fingerprint images.
In this method of imaging, the sensor array pixels each act as one plate of a parallel-plate, the dermal layer (which is electrically ) acts as the other plate, and the non-conductive epidermal layer acts as a. Apple's uses a capacitance fingerprint sensor. Passive capacitance A passive capacitance sensor use the principle outlined above to form an image of the fingerprint patterns on the dermal layer of skin. Each sensor pixel is used to measure the capacitance at that point of the array. The capacitance varies between the ridges and valleys of the fingerprint due to the fact that the volume between the dermal layer and sensing element in valleys contains an air gap. The of the epidermis and the area of the sensing element are known values. The measured capacitance values are then used to distinguish between fingerprint ridges and valleys.
Active capacitance Active capacitance sensors use a charging cycle to apply a voltage to the skin before measurement takes place. The application of voltage charges the effective capacitor.
The between the finger and sensor follows the pattern of the ridges in the dermal skin layer. On the discharge cycle, the voltage across the dermal layer and sensing element is compared against a reference voltage in order to calculate the capacitance. The distance values are then calculated mathematically, and used to form an image of the fingerprint. Active capacitance sensors measure the ridge patterns of the dermal layer like the method. Again, this eliminates the need for clean, undamaged epidermal skin and a clean sensing surface.
Algorithms Matching are used to compare previously stored templates of fingerprints against candidate fingerprints for purposes. In order to do this either the original image must be directly compared with the candidate image or certain features must be compared.
Pre-processing Pre-processing helped enhancing the quality of an image by filtering and removing unnecessary noises. The minutiae based algorithm only worked effectively in 8-bit gray scale fingerprint image.
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A reason was that an 8-bit gray fingerprint image was a fundamental base to convert the image to 1-bit image with value 0 for ridges and value 1 for furrows. As a result, the ridges were highlighted with black color while the furrows were highlighted with white color. This process partly removed some noises in an image and helped enhance the edge detection. Furthermore, there are two more steps to improve the best quality for the input image: minutiae extraction and false minutiae removal. The minutiae extraction was carried out by applying ridge thinning algorithm which was to remove redundant pixels of ridges.
As a result, the thinned ridges of the fingerprint image are marked with a unique ID so that further operation can be conducted. After the minutiae extraction step, the false minutiae removal was also necessary. The lack of the amount of ink and the cross link among the ridges could cause false minutiae that led to inaccuracy in fingerprint recognition process. Pattern-based (or image-based) algorithms Pattern based algorithms compare the basic fingerprint patterns (arch, whorl, and loop) between a previously stored template and a candidate fingerprint. This requires that the images can be aligned in the same orientation. To do this, the algorithm finds a central point in the fingerprint image and centers on that. In a pattern-based algorithm, the template contains the type, size, and orientation of patterns within the aligned fingerprint image.
The candidate fingerprint image is graphically compared with the template to determine the degree to which they match. In other species Some other animals have evolved their own unique prints, especially those whose lifestyle involves climbing or grasping wet objects; these include many, such as gorillas and chimpanzees, Australian and aquatic mammal species such as the North American. According to one study, even with an electron microscope, it can be quite difficult to distinguish between the fingerprints of a koala and a human. Koalas' independent development of fingerprints is an example of.
In fiction Mark Twain 's memoir (1883), notable mainly for its account of the author's time on the river, also recounts parts of his later life, and includes and stories allegedly told to him. Among them is an involved, melodramatic account of a murder in which the killer is identified by a thumbprint. Twain's novel, published in 1893, includes a courtroom drama that turns on fingerprint identification. Crime fiction The use of fingerprints in crime fiction has, of course, kept pace with its use in real-life detection. Sir wrote a short story about his celebrated sleuth which features a fingerprint: ' is a 1903 short story set in 1894 and involves the discovery of a bloody fingerprint which helps Holmes to expose the real criminal and free his client.
The British detective writer 's first Thorndyke novel The Red Thumb-Mark was published in 1907 and features a bloody fingerprint left on a piece of paper together with a parcel of diamonds inside a safe-box. These become the center of a medico-legal investigation led by, who defends the accused whose fingerprint matches that on the paper, after the diamonds are stolen.
Film and television On the television series Bonanza (1959–1973), the first episode with the ethnic Chinese character, #316 The Mark of Guilt was about fingerprinting and its relationship to Chinese culture. Hop Sing uses his Oriental knowledge of 'chops' (unique prints from fingers) to free Little Joe from a murder charge.
The movie, a popular 1997 science fiction thriller, required Agent J, played by, to remove his ten fingerprints by putting his hands on a metal ball, an action deemed necessary by the MIB agency to remove the identity of its agents. In a 2009 science fiction movie starring, a who is paid to smuggle souls across borders, wears latex fingerprints to frustrate airport security terminals. She can change her identity by changing her wig, and switching latex fingerprints from the privacy of a, storing extra fingerprints in a bag, so she can assume an that is suitable to her undertaking.
Other reliable identifiers Other forms of biometric identification utilizing a physical attribute that is nearly unique to humans include, the and, also known as genetic fingerprinting. Has also been used as an identifier, but bite mark analysis is notable for being unreliable.